Cosmos: Cosmos is a decentralized network of independent blockchains that can communicate and exchange value with each other. It allows developers to easily build and launch new blockchain applications while maintaining their own sovereignty and interoperability with other chains in the network.

Virtual Machine: A virtual machine is a software emulation of a physical machine that runs programs in the same way as a physical machine. It allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine, making it more efficient and cost-effective. Virtual machines are commonly used in cloud computing and software development.

L1: Layer 1 refers to the underlying main blockchain architecture, where all transactions are processed and validated. It is responsible for the core functions of a blockchain, such as creating and distributing native tokens, executing smart contracts, and maintaining the integrity and security of the network.

L2: Layer 2 refers to a secondary framework built on top of an existing blockchain to increase its transaction capacity, improve scalability, and reduce costs. It allows for faster and cheaper transactions by processing them off the main chain while still retaining the security benefits of the underlying blockchain.

SDK: SDK stands for Software Development Kit. It's a set of tools and resources provided to developers to build software applications for a specific platform or operating system. SDKs typically include libraries, APIs, documentation, sample code, and other resources to help developers create applications with specific functionalities or to interact with a specific system or platform.

Validators: Validators are nodes in a blockchain network that participate in the process of verifying transactions and adding blocks to the blockchain. Validators are responsible for maintaining the security and integrity of the blockchain network by ensuring that all transactions are valid and that no double-spending occurs. They play a crucial role in achieving consensus among all nodes in the network and are often rewarded with native cryptocurrency for their efforts.

PoW: PoW stands for "Proof of Work" and is a consensus algorithm used in many blockchain networks to validate transactions and create new blocks. It involves solving complex mathematical problems, which requires a lot of computational power and energy consumption. Once a miner solves the problem, they add a new block to the blockchain and receive a reward in the form of cryptocurrency.

PoS: Proof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus mechanism used in blockchain networks to validate transactions and create new blocks. Instead of using computational power to solve complex mathematical problems as in Proof of Work (PoW), PoS relies on validators who "stake" their cryptocurrency holdings as collateral to be selected to validate transactions and create new blocks. Validators are incentivized to act honestly since their collateral is at risk of being slashed if they behave maliciously.

Ethereum: Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain network that allows developers to build decentralized applications and smart contracts. It uses a cryptocurrency called Ether (ETH) to facilitate transactions and incentivize network participants.

Solana: Solana is a high-performance blockchain designed for decentralized apps and marketplaces. It uses a unique consensus algorithm called Proof of History (PoH) that enables it to process thousands of transactions per second, making it one of the fastest blockchain networks available.

Avalanche: Avalanche is a blockchain platform that enables the creation of decentralized applications and enterprise blockchain deployments. It aims to provide high transaction throughput, low fees, and interoperability between different blockchain networks. Avalanche uses a consensus mechanism called Avalanche Consensus, which allows for near-instant finality of transactions.

Arbitrum: Arbitrum is a layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum, which uses Optimistic Rollups to achieve faster and cheaper transactions without sacrificing security. It enables smart contracts to be executed off-chain and then validated on-chain, resulting in faster and more efficient transactions.

ZkSync: ZkSync is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that uses zero-knowledge proofs to enable fast and low-cost transactions with increased privacy. It allows users to transfer Ethereum and ERC-20 tokens instantly, with high throughput and low gas fees.

Zk-Rollup: ZK rollup is a layer 2 scaling solution for blockchain networks that bundles many transactions into a single transaction, thereby reducing the computational load and increasing transaction throughput. It uses Zero-Knowledge proofs to ensure the validity of the bundled transactions, without revealing their content, thereby maintaining privacy and security.

Optmistic Rollup: Optimistic rollup is a Layer 2 scaling solution for blockchains that aims to increase transaction throughput and reduce costs. It works by aggregating multiple transactions into a single batch and submitting them to the Ethereum mainnet. The transactions are verified off-chain and then rolled up onto the main chain, increasing efficiency and reducing gas fees.